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References 1-50: Understanding Neuropathic Pain
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1. Devor M, et al, Corticosteroids suppress ectopic neuronal discharge in experimental neurons. Pain 22:127-137, 1985.

2. Devor M, Govrin - Lippmann R: Axoplasmic transport block reduces ectopic impulse generation in injured peripheral nerves. Pain 16:73-85, 1983.

3. England JD, Gamboni F, Levinson SR. Immunocytochemical localization of sodium channels form along demyelinated axons. Brain Research 1991; 548:334-337.

4. Yaksh TL, Chaplan SR. Physiology and pharmacology of neuropathic pain. Anesthesiology Clinics of North America Vol 15 Number 2 pp 335-352, 1997

5. Chung K, Kim HJ, Na HS, et al: Abnormalities of sympathetic innervation in the area of an injured peripheral nerve in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett 162:85-88,1993.

6. Devor M. Neuropathic pain and injured nerve - peripheral mechanisms. Br Med Bull 47: 619-630, 1991.

7. Devor M, Wall PD: Cross - excitation in dorsal root ganglia of nerve - injured and intact rats. J Neurophysiol 64: 1733-1746, 1990.

8. Bennett, GF, Neuropathic pain. In Textbook of Pain, P.D. Wall and R. Melzack (ed.), Churchill Livingstone, New York third ed. 1994.

9. Allen R. Neuropathic Pain: Mechanisms and Clinical Assessment. Assessment and Treatment of Cancer Pain, Progress in Pain Research and Management, Vol. 12 (1998) 159-173.

10. Fields HL. Pain. New York: McGraw - Hill, 1987, pp 13-16.

11. Levine JD, Fields HL, Basbaum AI. Peptides and the primary afferent nociceptor. J Neurosci 1993; 13:2273-2286.

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14. Johnson BW, Parris WCV. Mechanisms of Neuropathic Pain. In Current Review of Pain, Raj PP, (ed.) Current Medicine, 1994.

15. Cameron AA, Cliffer KD, Dougherty PM, et al: Changes in lectin, GAP-43 and neuropeptide staining in the rat dorsal horn following experimental peripheral neuropathy. Neurosci Lett 131:249-252, 1991.

16. Garrison CJ, Dougherty PM, Kajander KC, et al: Staining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in lumbar spinal cord increases following a sciatic nerve constriction injury. Brain Res 565:1-7, 1991.

17. Sugimoto T, Bennett GJ, Kajander KC. Transsynaptic degeneration in the superficial dorsal horn after sciatic nerve injury: Effects of a chronic constriction injury, transection and strychnine. Pain 42:205-213, 1990.

18. Todd AJ, Sullivan AC. Light microscope study of the coexistence of GABA-like and glycine-like immunoreactivities in the spinal cord of the rat. J Comp Neurol 296:496-505, 1990.

19. Fields HL, Basbaum AI. Central nervous system mechanisms of pain modulation. In: Wall PD, Melzack R (Eds). Textbook of Pain, 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchhill Livingstone, 1994, pp 243-257.

20. Yaksh TL: The spinal pharmacology of facilitation of afferent processing evoked by high-threshold afferent input of the post injury pain state Curr Opin Neurol Neurosurg 6:250-256, 1993.

21. Woolf CL, Chong MS. Preemptive analgesia: treating postoperative pain by preventing the establishment of central sensitization. Anesth. Analg. 1993; 77:362-379.

22. Ito Y, Yamamoto M, Li M, Doyu M, Tanaka F, Mutch T, Mitsuma T, Sobue G. Differential temporal expression of mRNAs for ciliary neutotrophic factor (CNTF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and their receptors (CNTFR , LIFR , IL-6R and gp130) in injured peripheral nerves. Brain Research 793 (1998) 321-327.

23. Besse D, Lombard MC, Besson JM: Time related decreases in mu and delta opioid receptors in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord following a large unilateral dorsal rhizotomy. Brain Res 578:115-127, 1992.

24. Besse D, Lombard MC, Perrot S, etal: Regulation of opioid binding sites in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord following loose ligation of the sciatic nerve: Comparison with sciatic nerve section and lumbar dorsal rhizotomy. Neuroscience 50:921-933, 1992.

25. Stevens CW, Kajander KC, Bennett GJ, et al: Bilateral and differential changes in spinal mu, delta and kappa opioid binding in rats with a painful, unilateral neuropathy. Pain 46:315-326, 1991.

26. Presley RW, Menetry D, Levine JD, et al, Systemic morphine suppresses noxious stimulus-evoked Fos protein-like immuno reactivity in the rat spinal cord. J Neurosci 10:323-335, 1990.

27. Tolle TR, Castro-Lopes JM, Coimbra A, et al: Opiates modify induction of c-fos proto-oncogene in the spinal cord of the rat following noxious stimulation. (published erratum appears in Neurosci Letters 114:239, 1990). Neursci Lett 111:46-51, 1990.

28. Coderre TJ, Yashpal K. Intracellular messengers contributing to persistent nociception and hyperalgesia induced by L-glutamate and substance P in rat formalin pain model. Eur J Neurosci 6:1328-1334, 1994.

29. Malmberg AB, Basbaum AI. Partial sciatic nerve injury in the mouse as a model of neuropathic pain: behavioral and neuroanatomical correlates. Pain 76 (1998) 215-222.

30. Malmberg AB, Yaksh TL: Spinal nitric oxide synthesis inhibition blocks NMDA-induced thermal hyperalgesia and produces antinociception in the formalin test in rats. Pain 54:291-300, 1993.

31. Ahlgren SC, Levine JD: Protein Kinase C inhibitors decrease hyperalgesia and C fiber hyperexcitability in the streptozotocin - diabietic rat. J Neurophysiol 72: 684-692, 1994.

32. Yashpal K, Pitcher GM, Parent A, et al: Noxious thermal and chemical stimulation induce increases in 3H-phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate binding in spinal cord dorsal horn as well as persistent pain and hyperalgesia, which is reduced by inhibition of protein kinase C. J Neuroscience 15:3263-3272, 1995.

33. Thio CL, Sontheimer H: Differential modulation of TTX-sensitive and TTX-resistant Na+ channels in spinal cord astrocytes following activation of protein kinase C. J Neurosci 13:4889-4897, 1993.

34. Kingery WS, Guo TZ, Poree LR, Maze M. Colchicine treatment of the sciatic nerve reduces neurogenic extravasation, but does not affect nociceptive thresholds or collateral sprouting in neuropathic or normal rats. Pain 74 (1998) 11-20.

35. Yamamoto T, Yaksh TL: Effects of colchicine applied to the peripheral nerve on the thermal hyperalgesia evoked with chronic nerve constriction. Pain 55:227-233, 1993.

36. Pockett S. Spinal cord sympathetic plasticity and chronic pain. Anesth. Annalg., 80:173-179, 1995.

37. Gottrup H, Nielsen J, Arendt-Nielsen L, Jensen TS. The relationship between sensory thresholds and mechanical hyperalgesia in nerve injury. Pain 75 (1998), 321-329.

38. Jett MF, McGuirk J, Waligora D, Hunter JC. The effects of mexiletine, desipramine and fluoxetine in rat models involving central sensitization. Pain 69 (1997) 161-169.

39. Hua XY, Chen P, Hwang J, Yaksh TL. Antinociception induced by civamide, an orally active capsaicin analogue. Pain (1997) 313-322.

40. Attal N, Brasseur L, Chauvin M, Bouhassira D. A case of pure dynamic mechano-allodynia due to a lesion of the spinal cord: pathophysiological considerations. Pain 75 (1998) 399-404.

41. Hartrick CT, Wise JJ, Patterson JS. Preemptive intrathecal ketamine delays mechanical hyperalgesia in the neuropathic rat. Anesth Analg 1997;86:557-560.

42. Hanai F. C Fiber responses of wide dynamic range neurons in the spinal dorsal horn. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research No. 349(1998), pp 256-267.

43. Yaksh TL: Pharmacology of the Pain Processing System In: Waldman SD, Winnie AP (Eds.). Interventional Pain Management, 1st ed. Philadelphia; WB Saunders, 1996, 19-32.

44. Yezierski RP, Liu S, Ruenes GL, Kajander KJ, Brewer KL. Excitotoxic spinal cord injury: behavioral and morphological characteristics of a central pain model. Pain 75 (1998) 141-155.

45. Jasmin L, Kohan L, Franssen M, Janni G, Goff JR. The cold plate as a test of nociceptive behaviors: description and application to the study of chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain models. Pain 75 (1998) 367-382.

46. Malmberg AB, Yaksh TL: The effect of morphine on formalin-evoked behavior and spinal release of excitatory amino acids and prostaglandin E2 using microdialysis in conscious rats. Br J Pharmacol 114:1069-1075, 1995.

47. Yaksh TL. Behavioral and autonomic correlates of the tactile evoked allodynia produced by spinal glycine inhibition: Effects of modulatory receptor systems and excitatory amino antagonists. Pain 37 (1989) 111-123.

48. Gillin S, Sorkin L. Gabapentin reverses the allodynia produced by the administration of anti-GD2 ganglioside, an immunotherapeutic drug. Anesth Analg 1998;86:111-116.

49. Goodkind K, et al, On the putative efficacy of antidepressants in chronic benign pain syndromes: an update. Pain Forum 4:237-247, 1995.

50. Chapman V, Suzuki R, Chamarette HLC, Rygh LJ, Dickenson AH. Effects of systemic carbamazepine and gabapentin on spinal neuronal responses in spinal nerve ligated rats. Pain 75 (1998) 261-272.

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